![]() ![]() In the centre, it says: Power and Control. The words on the bottom part of the wheel repeat the words: Physical VIOLENCE Sexual The words on the top part of the wheel say: Physical VIOLENCE Sexual. The image is that of a wagon wheel circle. Power and Control Wheel, © Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs Footnote 2 Text version – Power and Control Wheel The power and control wheel (below), developed by the Duluth Abuse Intervention Program (Pence & Paymar, 2003), provides a helpful visual description of the various tactics of abuse (Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs, n.d). Most abusers use multiple tactics over time and some of the most serious abuse - with the longest-lasting effects on the survivor - is not physical but psychological (Johnson & Dawson, 2011). Common tactics include: physical, sexual, emotional/psychological, social, verbal and financial abuse but an abuser may also use the partner’s religion, race, ethnicity, age or other characteristics specific to her to intimidate and control her. Likewise, the tactics of abuse can vary from one relationship to another. It is important for FLPs to understand the different typologies of abuse and to know what typology/ies of abuse their client is dealing with so that they can identify appropriate legal remedies and processes that are suited to their client’s situation (Carey, 2011). If screening tools are to be used universally, they must be designed to work with people (women, men and those who situate themselves elsewhere on the gender identity continuum) in a variety of intimate partnerships and the language used should reflect this diversity. We acknowledge that men can be survivors of abuse perpetrated by their female partners and that FV occurs in both lesbian and gay male relationships as well (Canada’s Chief Public Health Officer, 2016). Throughout this report we will use the word “woman” or “she/her” to refer to the person who is being subjected to abuse and the words “man” or “he/him/his” to refer to the person who is causing the abuse. This research report reflects the gendered reality of FV, particularly the most serious forms of coercive controlling violence and murder. Women are more likely than men to be killed by an intimate partner and more likely to experience sexual abuse, more severe and chronic forms of intimate partner violence (Canada’s Chief Public Health Officer, 2016, p. In 2014, 131 Canadians died at the hand of a family member and there were 133,920 reported victims of dating or family violence, with the majority of victims being women. These findings are supported by the 2016 report of Canada’s Chief Public Health Officer: However, the coercive controlling typology, which is the one most likely to lead to serious physical injury, death and long-term psychological harm in heterosexual relationships is overwhelming perpetrated by men against women (Kelly & Johnson, 2008). ![]() Kelly and Johnson’s (2008) research shows that some typologies, including situational couple violence, have no particular gender dynamic, with both women and men engaging in this kind of behaviour. ![]() Relationships of coercive controlling violence require the strongest legal interventions, both family and criminal. ![]() Johnson’s (2008) work explores various typologies of intimate partner abuse, ranging from what they call “situational couple violence,” where one or both partners engage in negative behaviour towards the other, but there is no fear of either by the other, to “coercive controlling violence,” where the abusive behaviour is perpetrated consistently by one partner against the other to such an extent that the victim partner lives in fear of the abusive partner, who holds most or all of the power and control in the relationship. What You Don’t Know Can Hurt You: The importance of family violence screening tools for family law practitioners ![]()
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